Dietary factors associated with adiponectin

In this epidemiological study, dietary betaine and choline intake were not correlated with plasma HMW adiponectin levels.

Yannakoulia et al (2008). "Dietary factors associated with plasma high molecular weight and total adiponectin levels in apparently healthy women." Eur J Endocrinol 159(4): R5-10.

Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine

Higher plasma betaine was predicted by consumption of high-fiber bread, complex carbohydrates, fiber, folate, thiamine and total energy. Lower plasma betaine was correlated with high-fat dairy products and western dietary pattern (with a high loading for meat, pizza, sugar, and fat). Higher plasma choline was predicted by egg consumption and cholesterol intake.

Konstantinova et al (2008). "Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women." Am J Clin Nutr 88(6): 1663-1669.

Molecular Mechanisms of Alcoholic Fatty Liver

This paper reviews several mechanisms, including that betaine may attenuate fatty liver by down-regulating SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) activity. Alcohol may increase SREBP-1 activity by decreasing the activities of AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuin-1. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced in response to alcohol exposure may cause fatty liver by up-regulating SREBP-1 activity

Purohit et al (2008). "Molecular Mechanisms of Alcoholic Fatty Liver." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Nov 19;. [Epub ahead of print]