Setoue et al (2008). "Hyperhomocysteinemia induced by guanidinoacetic acid is effectively suppressed by choline and betaine in rats." Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(7): 1696-703.
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine:
- raised plasma homocysteine
- raised liver homocysteine and s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)
- lowered liver s-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Betaine and choline significantly suppressed these effects.
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