Betaine and choline content of wheat fractions

This present study suggests that the wheat aleurone layer contains the greatest concentration of both betaine and choline (1553 and 210 mg/100 g of sample, respectively). The bran fraction contained 867 and 102 mg/100 g of sample of betaine and choline, respectively, while the flour fraction contained 23 mg/100 g of sample (betaine) and 28 mg/100 g of sample (choline). The betaine content for the bran was lower, and the choline content was higher compared to previous studies, although it is known that there is large variation in betaine and choline contents between wheat cultivars. The study further emphasizes the superior phytonutrient composition of the aleurone layer.

Graham et al (2009). "Analysis of Betaine and Choline Contents of Aleurone, Bran, and Flour Fractions of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy." J Ag Food Chem 57(5): 1948-1951.